Different Types Of Knowledge Personal And Shared Knowledge

There are two types of knowledge: personal and shared knowledge. Within the Human Sciences and the Arts, shared knowledge is defined as a socio-cultural knowledge in which it is set along the lines of values, and cultural mores. Personal knowledge is defined as as individual knowledge acquired through individualised experiences and perspectives. Shared knowledge can have a big impact on our personal knowledge in a way that it can change the way we view the wold or perform our daily actions in life. Thus in both the Human Sciences and the Arts, shared knowledge can shape personal knowledge however, personal knowledge is dominant over shared knowledge. WIthin the Human Sciences, shared knowledge can shape personal knowledge through the Psychology of obedience. Obedience is the compliance with commands given by an authority figure. In 1963, a psychologist named Stanley Milgram did a research study called the Milgram Obedience Study. This study involved forty male volunteers, who partic ipated on an experiment to study the effects of punishment on learning. He assigned each of the subjects to the role of a teacher. Each subject was told that his task was to help another subject learn a list of words. Each time the learner would made a mistake, the teacher was to supposed to give the learner an electric shock ranging from 0 to 400 volts with an increment of 15 volts per mistake. The teacher was told to increase the shock level each time the learner made a mistake, until theShow MoreRelatedKnowledge Is The Fundamental Understanding Of Knowledge1422 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Knowledge is power† is a quote which is often associated with Sir Francis Bacon, seen in Bacon’s Meditationes Sacrae (1597). However, what really is knowledge? Does knowledge really give you power? Well, in some cases, they do. Knowledge is what I understand and achieve through certain experiences or education. Knowledge is acquired through different life experiences such as the attendance of school which are later used in universities and the workforce. However, not all forms of knowledge is acquiredRead MorePersonal Knowledge And The Chemistry Field1339 Words   |  6 PagesShared knowledge is assembled by a group of people. For example, biology is an enormous subject comprised of work done by many people over hundreds of years. To add to this knowledge, individual scientists can perform experiments. The results from these experiments are then taken and written in research papers, a very basic version being a lab report. If enough experts from the chemistry field agree with the results, then they can be accepted, used, and taught in that particular field of biologyRead MorePersonal Knowledge And Knowledge Of The Humanities And The Arts1348 Words   |  6 Pagesvalue shared knowledge for it has contributed to my own understanding of the world. Most of the things I know-personal knowledge- are my individual interpretation of what we know-shared knowledge. There is a strong link between shared knowledge and personal knowledge but the extent to which shared knowledge shapes personal knowledge differs across disciplines. This essay explores the areas of knowledge of the Humanities and the Arts, demonstrates that shared knowledge influences personal knowledgeRead MoreDifference Between Personal And Shared Knowledge1459 Words   |  6 Pages In the pursuit of knowledge, differing views affect the knowledge someone gains and how the knowledge is pursed. Personal along with shared knowledge contributes to the perspective and judgment a person has. Personal knowledge is acquired through individualized experiences while shared knowledge is received by someone or something else. The difference between personal and shared knowledge is what I know and what we know. The knower uses personal and shared knowledge as a basis for the viewpointsRead MoreThe s Theory Of Knowledge1664 Words   |  7 Pageswe have the natural propensity to acquire kn owledge from our evolving environment, through different ways of knowing such as perception, reason, emotion and language. Knowledge can be defined as information acquired from experience or education or the awareness of a situation. Thus, denoting experience, education and awareness as the roots of knowledge. Consequently, if a knower is not able to experience an event or be educated, the concept of knowledge may cease to exist. Therefore, in order forRead MoreReliability Is The Credibility For An Item874 Words   |  4 Pages but fails to recognize the standard of living or other factors that indicates the economic growth in a country. Consequently, shared knowledge is limited as only parts of the index is examined, which could contrast with personal knowledge, like individuals who live in the country, might not think the economy in an country has developed. Therefore, the ways of knowledge of reason and intuition plays a major role indicating how the consumer price index does no t demonstrate reliable qualitative dataRead MoreThe Theory Of Everything By Stephen Hawking1566 Words   |  7 PagesThe general consensus in the academic world is that knowledge is power that can solve humanity’s problems. Sometimes, it is clouded by greed, or it lights the way for a better humanity. Scientists experiment to prove new theories, artists sculpt to express emotion and theologians study to provide interpretations of biblical stories. Therein lies the problem, while society is always searching for knowledge, to date there is no singular â€Å"foolproof† method of obtaining it. In the movie â€Å"The Theory ofRead MoreAcademic Integration Into Career Technical Education1152 Words   |  5 Pagesprograms and curricula that implement academic integration into Career Technical Education programs at shared-time Career Technical Centers that lack teachers academically certified The constructivist paradigm emphasizes the importance of exploring how different s takeholders in a social setting construct their beliefs (Mertens, 2015). It also suggests that learners develop a theory and gain knowledge from their experiences; specifically, to understand a process or phenomenon (Mertens, 2015). The constructivistRead MoreThe Role Of Hrm Policies And The Wider Organisational Strategy1092 Words   |  5 Pagesthe wider organisational strategy for knowledge sharing, integration and creation must be analysed. Placing emphasis on individual experience or on collective knowledge bases has dramatic implications for the kinds of selection, career development and reward policies that will be effective for the organisation. There are also longer-term effects from HRM policy which have an impact on the quality of trust and relationships through which knowledge is shared. Newell et al (2002) note that there isRead MoreEvaluation Of A Learning Organization1530 Words   |  7 Pagesstated, A learning organization is an organization skilled at creating, ac quiring, and transferring knowledge and at modifying its behavior to reflect new knowledge and insights (p. 55). In the pursuit of defining specific practices that would produce an ideal learning organization, Senge (2008) proposes five disciplines that include, ...systems thinking, mental models, personal mastery, shared vision, and dialogue (p. 1). In this application paper I will analyze each of the five disciplines discussed

The Coolest Coolers Hot Cooler - 1260 Words

The Coolest Cooler is marketed as the â€Å"21st Century Cooler that’s Actually Cooler†. This product started on Kickstarter where an idea turned into a fund raising project. Ryan Grepper became an entrepreneur from the Coolest Cooler. The Coolest Cooler project through Kickstarter demonstrates tribes, the democratization of social media, the values of a salesperson, and the power of context. Kickstarter is a form of an electronic tribe. Kickstarter is a website where any hopeful entrepreneur can launch their ideas in the hope of raising enough money to meet their goal. If their goal is not met in the time period, the money is returned to the backers. Professors Tyrone Adams and Stephen Smith emphasizes tribes that work together, sharing a common belief, comparable to how Kickstarter links people together to become a part of a movement of the specific project. â€Å"They are throngs of people dedicated to an idea, purpose, function, or even a way of being† (Adams and Smith 14). The backers donate money to the business because they all believe in the project. Ryan Grepper, the creator of the Coolest Cooler, job is to get people to join his tribe by buying his product. Additionally, for people to believe and enjoy the product just as much as he does. Kickstarter caters to electronic tribes because it brings together a community through technology. It is believed that the online environment takes away from the traditional ways of doing things. Print newspapers are digitalized, booksShow MoreRelatedSufficient Homemade Air Conditioner4228 Words   |  17 Pagesand more unbearable, as fans would only constantly stir the hot sticky air S around, so the researchers ended up in choosing this topic. The researchers chose this topic mainly because of the hot weather here in the Philippines. The constant high temperature was the reason this came up to the researchers’ minds. This homemade air conditioner, also known as the â€Å"Swamp Cooler†, can help take the edge off and make a little more bearable

Discipline and Management Comparison Free Essays

Runninghead: DISCIPLINE AND MANAGEMENT: DIFFERENT YET RELATED COMPARISON Discipline and Management: Different Yet Related Comparison Essay Corwin K. Richardson Grand Canyon University Discipline and Management: Different Yet Related Comparison Essay Thinking on classroom management and the ability to effectively teach and guide students of several different backgrounds tends to be a daunting thought. One that has pressed the hearts and minds of teachers and administrators for many days past and which will probably continue to press for many days to come. We will write a custom essay sample on Discipline and Management Comparison or any similar topic only for you Order Now Being confident that you are aware; management alone is a skill that requires several years of practice to become proficient at, not to mention the management of students and their personalities. This essay will deal with the comparisons of discipline and management as it relates to the comparison of behavior versus misbehavior. Each term will be defined in personal understanding and then expounded upon with citations from noted authorities in each subject matter. There similarities and differences will be presented in addition to there apparent relationship with each other. Discipline is something that is the result of an unwanted act. It can be seen as a corrective action that is taken to discourage a behavior that needs to be discontinued. Ex. Mr. Brown quickly removed the unruly student from the classroom. In this example, Mr. Brown chose to remove the disruptive student from the classroom as a method of discipline. However, discipline may be seen as a measure of self-control that someone applies to themselves. This is in any case, a measure of correction. According to Charles, discipline is defined as a teacher’s efforts to maintain classroom decorum and secure students’ cooperation in learning and exercising self-control (p. 45, 2008). This understanding opens up the window of possibilities as to what measure is taken by means of discipline that is deemed necessary to keep the classroom flowing with full cooperation in learning. Regarding self-control; this is a willful act on the student’s part based upon their understanding of order and how it affects their life, even in the classroom. The responsibility of teaching students the need for order can be argued to be the parents; but somehow it ends up being the teachers’. Management is the order in which someone takes things and place them in a systematic way that they can manage them better. Ex. Ms. Wendy moved all of the noisy students’ seats in a way that brought quiet and focus to the class. In this example Ms. Wendy’s management system was to arrange the classroom in such a way that all the class could benefit from the lesson. A collaborative definition of management as expressed by Canter is an environment created by a teacher who motivates and believes in the students; one who effectively plans to manage student behavior in all classroom activities and instructional strategies; a teacher who has the trust of all the students (pp. 6-7, 2006). Behavior is simply the way someone conducts themself. Ex. Bobby obeys every word his father says. In the example, Bobby’s behavior was obedient. This is clearly a defining point in behavior that illustrates how someone acts in an environment or situation. Some authorities such as Canter believe that behavior is greatly influenced by a teacher’s ability to establish a classroom that promotes academic success for all students from the very first day of school (p. 31, 2006). Misbehavior is when someone conducts themselves in a way that is unacceptable. Ex. Janie has random outbursts in class and doesn’t respect her teachers. This shows that Janie is misbehaving by not respecting her teachers and by her outbursts. Canter also suggests that students don’t like or respect teachers who let them get away with misbehavior (p. 6, 2006). This would indicate that the disrespect that some students show their teachers is a direct result of the teacher’s inability to convey their authority and order in the classroom with their students. In other words, the students may feel as though the teachers are â€Å"push-over’s†. In conclusion, discipline is a product of management which is directly related to the eff ectiveness by which management is executed, which determines the level of discipline needed to maintain it. On the other wise, behavior is the product of discipline and is directly influenced towards acceptable or unacceptable conduct by the effectiveness of the management plan. If the management system is proficient then a good disciplinary plan will be in place and if so, then behavior will be appropriate and almost all misbehavior will be eliminated. References Charles, C. M. (2008). Building classroom discipline (10th ed. ). Boston: Allyn Bacon. Canter, L. (2006). Lee Canter’s classroom management for academic success. Bloomington, IN: Solution Tree. How to cite Discipline and Management Comparison, Papers

ergogenic aids Essay Example For Students

ergogenic aids Essay 1 . An ergogenic aid is any external influences that can positively affect physical or mental performance. 2. In 1968 the international Olympic committee began Olympic drug testing for stimulants because of the many deaths that have occurred among athletes due to drug use. 3. U. S physician John Ziegler developed the anabolic steroid Dianabol as an alternative to testosterone and to also level the playing field for western athletes. 4. Both men and women put themselves at high risk of heart attack, stroke, liver tumor, and depression when using steroids. Possible side effects for men ho use steroids are accelerated male-pattern baldness, decreased sex drive, reduced sperm counts, breast development and testicle shrinking. Possible side effects for women who use steroids are clitoris enlargement, menstrual cycle changes, Deepened voice, Breast reduction, Male-pattern baldness and Facial hair. 5. Anabolic steroids are ergogenic because they are used to have similar effects as testosterone in the body to increase muscle mass and strength therefore enhancing performance. 6. Caffeine is ergogenic because it has been shown to increase endurance. Caffeine increases plasma free fatty acid levels and muscle triglyceride se, while sparing muscle glycogen use early in exercise caffeine improves focus and technical skill during and after strenuous activity or fatigue Caffeine is believed to enhance fat utilization in the body and has also been shown to effectively increase time to exhaustion during endurance activities, as well as sprint, power and strength performance. 7. Yes creatine is an ergogenic aid because it is an external substance that improves physical performance. By increasing resting levels of creatine phosphate it is to regenerate more ATP and sustain a high power output, thus delaying fatigue and improving performance 8. Other ergogenic substances are: Avena sativa has been shown to increase testosterone levels by enhancing LH levels. A study show men experienced increased sex drive, enhanced erections and more pleasure during sex when taking avena sativa. It can also be found in many body building formulas. Geranium extract is a notably powerful stimulant with the ability to increase energy, and suppress appetite leading to its widespread introduction into a lot of different fat loss products. Cocaine is a narcotic that stimulates the central nervous system and, delays fatigue. Phenyl ethylamine is a powerful central nervous timulant used widely as an aid to suppress appetite and increase energy before workouts. Tyrosine is an amino acid which is of particular interest to those using other sports supplements designed to enhance energy. The use of Tyrosine with stimulants such as caffeine, is a cheap and effective way to increase exercise performance in short duration, anaerobic activities such as weightlifting. In the context of sport, an ergogenic aid can be broadly defined as a technique or substance used for the purpose of enhancing performance. Ergogenic aids have from use of accepted techniques such as carbohydrate loading to illegal and unsafe pproaches such as anabolic-androgenic steroid use. The efficacy of many of these techniques is controversial, whereas the harmful side effects are clear. The most commonly recognized form of ergogenic aids are dietary supplements, which is a multi-billion dollar industry that targets a wide range of populations. Some surveys have indicated that approximately 50% of the general population, 76% of college athletes, and 100% of bodybuilders take supplements to enhance performance. Most nutritional aids can be categorized as a potential energy source, an anabolic enhancer, a cellular component, or a recovery aid. Studies have consistently shown that carbohydrates, proteins and other nutritional aids consumed immediately before or after exercise enhance performance by increasing glycogen storage and delaying fatigue. However some of the products on the market generally have very little scientific evidence supporting the validity of claims and they do not have to prove a supplements safety, effectiveness, or potency before placing a product on the market. Pharmacological aids include performance enhancing drugs, both illegal and legal including but not limited to Erythropoietin, beta blockers, antihistamines, rowth hormones, anabolic-androgenic steroids, caffeine and amphetamines. Reaction to Tuesdays with Morrie EssayRT inhibitors are also effective when used with a new class of anti-HIV drugs known as protease inhibitors, approved by the FDA in December 1995. Protease inhibitors work by crippling a key viral enzyme called protease, which is vital to the reproduction of HIV in the later stages of its replication cycle.After HIV replicatesthat is, makes copies of its own protein componentsthese proteins must be cut to specific sizes before they can assemble into a mature virus. Protease is responsible for trimming the new HIV proteins to their required dimensions. When protease is blockedor inhibitedthe proteins are not cut andthe defective HIV cannot infect new cells. The first protease inhibitor drug, saquinavir (Invirase), was approved for use in combination with nucleoside drugs such as AZT. In March 1996 two additional drugs, ritonavir (Norvir) and indinavir (Crivaxin), were rapidly approved for use alone or in combination with nucleosides. A fourth dru g, nelfinavir (Viracept), was approved by the FDA in March 1997 for both adult and child use. Ritonavir, formerly allowed for adult use only, was also approved for adult and child use. Preliminary results from four American and European studies indicate that these drugs cause dramatic increases in the number of CD4 T-cells and decreases in the amount of virus in the blood. These results are about two to three times more powerful than those seen with the nucleoside drugs. Researchers cautioned that new studies show also that HIV can quickly develop resistance to these new drugs, at least when they are used alone. However, researchers suspect that the resistance can be delayed when the agents are combined with other anti-HIV drugsfor example, the nucleosides. In fact, the most effective treatment against HIV is now considered to be a combination of three drugs taken togethertwo nucleoside RT inhibitors and one protease inhibitor. Although these drug combinations may cause severe side effects (such as diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and anemia), when taken properly they can reduce blood levels of the virus to undetectable levels. Each drug must be taken according to specific guidelines, however, and one missed dose can allow the virus to quickly mutate to a strain that resists the drugs. These drug combinations can also consist of two nucleoside RT inhibitors and one non-nucleoside RT inhibitor, a new class of anti-HIV drug first recommended for approval by the FDA in June 1996. These drugs work similarly to nucleoside RT inhibitors in that they bind to the HIV reverse transcriptase enzyme. However, they do not compete with other nucleosides for binding sites. The first drug of this type to be developed was nevirapine (Viramune), which was appproved by the FDA in April 1997. A second non-nucleoside RT inhibitor, delavirdine (Rescriptin), is currently available only in test settings. Both drugs are effective only when taken with nucleoside RT inhibitors; they should not be used with protease inhibitors. No matter which drug combination is administered, researchers believe that the earlier a patient is treated for HIV, the greater the chance that the treatment will be effective. The development of antiviral therapies for HIV is complex, and each new approach and drug must be extensively evaluated for safety and effectiveness. The general perception that this evaluation process causes unnecessary delays in providing therapies spurred public demonstrations against the FDA. These demonstrations have resulted in policy changes that make experimental drugs and approaches more readily available to people with AIDS, even before the drugs or approaches are approved. Although early availability of a drug entails the risk that it may be used in people before its toxicity and side effects are fully understood, many people with AIDS are willing to take this risk with the hope that the drug may prove effective. Effective drug treatments are available to fight many AIDS-associated opportunistic in fections, and these treatments have provided clinical benefit and prolonged survival for individuals with AIDS. Recent drug treatments for PCP have dramatically decreased illness and death due to this opportunistic infection. Antifungal drugs such as amphotericin B and fluconazole are effective against AIDS-related fungal infections. The antiherpes drugs ganciclovir and foscarnet are used to treat CMV retinitis and other herpes diseases. Because these therapies require medical supervision and are often needed on an extended basis, a network of community hospices (see Hospital) has been established to provide low-cost outpatient care for individuals with AIDS. Some hospices provide shelter and compassionate support for people living with AIDS. Gene therapy, an approach that involves altering the genes of the infected person to help prevent the virus from spreading to uninfected cells, might someday be used to treat HIV infection. Gene therapy has been used in clinical trials to inhib it HIV by introducing into cells a new gene that interferes with the viral regulatory proteins. In other trials, gene therapy has been used to introduce a new gene that protects the cells from becoming infected by HIV. Efforts also are under way to develop an effective immunization that could be either protective, preventing infection if an immunized person is exposed to HIV, or therapeutic, prolonging survival or decreasing immune destruction in people already infected with HIV. The World Health Organization (WHO) is currently sponsoring a large-scale trial of a protective-vaccine candidate in areas of the world where the rate of HIV infection is just beginning to rise dramatically. In 1998 the FDA approved the first large-scale trial of an AIDS vaccine in uninfected volunteers. The vaccine, made from the viral protein gp120, is designed to stimulate the production of antibodies that could protect against HIV infection. The vaccine is being tested for safety and effectiveness in Thailand and North America. With the discovery in 1996 that HIV must bind to chemokine receptors as well as CD4 molecules, researchers also began to develop laboratory chemokines that might block HIV from attaching to these receptors and casing infection. Individuals who lack CCR5 receptors due to a genetic defect appear to be protected from contracting the disease. IXPREVENTION EFFORTS Because there is as yet no successful vaccination against HIV, prevention efforts have focused mainly on educating the public about routes of HIV transmission and about personal measures that reduce the risk of infection. The CDC has established the National AIDS Clearinghouse, a hotline to disseminate educational literature and current statistics on AIDS. Safe-sex campaigns encourage sexual abstinence or monogamy (sexual relations with only one partner) and the use of latex condoms to provide a protective barrier during sexual intercourse (see Birth Control). Needle-exchange programs have been implemented to reduce needle sharing and consequent HIV transmission among IV drug abusers. The U.S. government has set strict guidelines for health-care settings, including use of protective clothing and proper instrument disposal, to decrease the risk of transmission to both the patient and the health care provider. On a national scale, screening of the blood supply has greatly reduced the risk of contracting HIV from blood products. However, with the exception of blood screening, these prevention programs have had only limited success. XSOCIAL ISSUES Many people consider HIV infection and AIDS to be completely preventable because the routes of HIV transmission are so well known. To completely prevent transmission, however, dramatic changes in sexual behavior and drug dependence would have to occur throughout the world. Furthermore, prevention efforts that promote sexual awareness through open discussion and condom distribution in public schools have been opposed because of the fear that these efforts may encourage sexual activity. Similarly, needle exchange programs have been criticized as promoting drug abuse. Prevention programs that identify HIV-infected individuals and notify their sexual partners, as well as programs that promote HIV testing at the time of marriage or pregnancy, have been criticized for invading personal privacy. Efforts aimed at public awareness have been propelled by community-based organizations such as Project Inform and Act-Up, which provide current information to HIV-infected individuals and to individuals at risk for infection. Public figures and celebrities who are themselves HIV infected or who have died from AIDSincluding American basketball player Magic Johnson, American actor Rock Hudson, American diver Greg Louganis, and American tennis player Arthur Ashehave personalized the disease of AIDS and thereby helped society come to terms with the enormity of the epidemic. As a memorial to people who have died from AIDS, especially in the early years of the epidemic, friends and families of AIDS victims stitched together a giant quilt in which each panel of the quilt was dedicated to the memory of an individual who died from AIDS. This quilt has traveled on display from community to community to promote AIDS awareness. The U.S. government has also attempted to assist HIV-infected individuals through legislation and additional community-funding measures. In 1990 HIV-infected people were included in the Americans with Disabilities Act, making discrimination against p eople with AIDS for jobs, housing, and other social benefits illegal. Additionally, the Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency Act established a community-funding program designed to assist in the daily lives of people living with AIDS. This congressional act was named in memory of a young man who contracted HIV through blood products and became a public figure for his courage in fighting the disease and community prejudice. The act is still in place, although continued funding for such social programs is threatened by opposition in the U.S. Congress. The lack of effective vaccines and antiviral drugs for AIDS has spurred speculation that the funding for AIDS research is insufficient. Although the actual amount of government funding for AIDS research is large, most of these funds are used for expensive clinical studies to evaluate new drugs. Many scientists believe that not enough is known about the basic biology of HIV and recommend shifting the emphasis of AIDS research to basic research that could ultimately result in more effective medicines. Words/ Pages : 5,149 / 24